Geoscientists usually work with lines, planes and their angular relationships. Studying these relationships requires some techniques to put real 3D features into simple 2D visualizations. We don't always need to design super complex 3D models just to figure out the angle between two planes, right? Gta 5 redux best reshade.
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This is why the Stereographic Projection and the Stereonets became so important to geologists. This projection is fast and efficient when we just want to analyze angular relationships. It does not preserve distances or areas of the features that are projected in it, just angles.
For today's examples I will assume you already understand how a stereonet works and are familiar with:
- strike and dip / plunge and bearing;
- poles and planes
If you want to get more info on stereonets: A Blog Post, A Lab About Stereonets.
In Python, stereonet are veeery simple to do thanks to Joe Kington (a geologist!). Joe created a stereonet module for matplotlib called mplstereonet. We are going to explore this module in this tutorial.
Some extra info, from the the mplstereonet readme:
mplstereonet provides lower-hemisphere equal-area and equal-angle stereonets for matplotlib.
All planar measurements are expected to follow the right-hand-rule to indicate dip direction. As an example, 315/30S would be 135/30 follwing the right-hand rule.
Video poker cheat sheet. mplstereonet also provides a few different methods of producing contoured orientation density diagrams.
mplstereonet also includes a number of utilities to parse structural measurements in either quadrant or azimuth form such that they follow the right-hand-rule.
Let's say that we have measured one bedding, 010 / 30, and one fault, 315 / 78. We want to project both onto a stereonet:
Now for some reason we want to find the intersection of the bedding and the fault, which is a linear feature, as plunge and bearing, and plot it:
Detecting a Fold Axis using mplstereonet
Let's skip for a little more complex, but common, problem for structural geologists. (This problem is ilustrated in RAGAN, 2009, Chapter 18)
Rose Diagram Online Excel
Say we have a collection of plane measurements made on the limb of the fold and we want to find the attitude of the fold axis:
One liner to transform the text above to tuples of strikes and dips using the Right Hand Rule (go ahead and break this code into peaces):
There are two ways to solve this problem using stereonets, from RAGAN, 2009, Chapter 18:
Methods:
Beta diagram: plot each measured plane as a great circular arc. These intersect at a point called the β axis.
S-pole diagram (also called a π diagram): plot the poles of the measured planes. These define a great circle whose pole is the β axis
Both can be solved with the fit_girdle method, description:
Fits a plane to a scatter of points on a stereonet (a.k.a. a 'girdle').
Rose Diagram Software
Go ahead and explore the examples in the mplstereonet repository.
Rose diagrams
A Rose Diagram shows the distributions of directional data. It is useful to analyze fault systems.I will create some random data of fault measurements and let's analyze it using a rose diagram.
Calculate the number of directions (strikes) every 10° using numpy.histogram.
Sum the last value with the first value.
Sum the first half 0-180° with the second half 180-360° to achieve the 'mirrored behavior' of Rose Diagrams.
Create the rose diagram.
Dataset Tabs Default Display
GeneralWondering which direction the wind was from during your last cold snap, or which summer months usually have a breeze? World of warcraft windows 10 download.
For selected stations (mostly airports) where hourly wind speed and direction are recorded, registered users of MRCC's cli-MATE tools can select any time frame during a station's period of record to analyze the wind speed and direction, including filtering specific dates or times of the day. There is no cost for registration.
Wind Rose Diagram Online
Wind roses are graphical charts that characterize the speed and direction of winds at a location. Presented in a circular format, the length of each 'spoke' around the circle indicates the amount of time that the wind blows from a particular direction. Colors along the spokes indicate categories of wind speed.
Where do these data come from?
The Midwestern Regional Climate Center (MRCC) offers wind roses through its MRCC Application Tools Environment, called cli-MATE. Data are compiled and processed by the Climate Data Access Portal (Cli-DAP), which is maintained by the NOAA Regional Climate Centers (RCCs).
How-To1) All users must register and log in for free access to cli-MATE.
Live me game download. Register for a cli-MATE account » (opens in a new tab).
2) Once logged in to the cli-MATE site, roll your cursor over Hourly-Observed Data and click Wind Rose
3) Click Select Hourly Station at the top of the cli-MATE window to open the Hourly Station Selector. Use any of the options available to select a station of interest. Once selected, the name of the station will be listed under CURRENT HOURLY STATION INFORMATION at the top of the Wind Rose window.
For help with station selection, watch the Station Selection Video Tutorial
4) Use the drop-down menus and buttons to set the parameters for your wind rose.
- Choose one of the pre-defined periods by clicking its radio button, or enter a Beginning date and an Ending date.
- If you are interested in a specific portion of the record, set the sub-interval choices. For example, set the sub-interval drop downs to begin on April 1 and end on April 30 to produce a wind rose representing April winds during the period you selected. You could also set the times to check wind speed and direction for a specific portion of the day.
- Go with the default selections of units for wind speed and the number of compass points to display, or change them if you like.
- Go with the default selections for filtering at first. If you want to look for patterns such as which direction of wind is associated with rain or other conditions, explore these filters.
- Click Get Wind Rose.
| Access Type | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| Graphing | MRCC cli-MATE Tools | Requires free registration. |
