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May 06, 2020. Secret Universe: The Hidden Life of the Cell. Home; Clips; Main content. The Cell Secret Immune System. The proteolysis cycle starts when Trim 21 fixes to an antibody and begins to attract. Directed by Michael Davis. With David Tennant, Susanna Bidgood, Steve Jones, Nick Lane. There is a battle playing out inside your body right now. It started billions of years ago and it is still being fought in every one of us every minute of every day. It is the story of a viral infection - the battle for the cell.
Documentary. Exploring the inner world of the human cellular structure via the narrative of a viral infection from within the world of a single cell. Similar Content
Oct 22, 2012. Our Secret Universe: The Hidden Life of a Cell Documentary Worksheet The Hidden Life of the Cell is a documentary made by the BBC in 2012. Computer generated animation shows the inner works of a cell under attack by a virus, while doctors and scientists explain what we understand about cell defenses.
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It takes 120 trillion cellsto make a human. 0:00:02 0:00:06
They are the fundamental unitsof life, 0:00:07 0:00:11
making up our brain, muscles,organs - every part of us. 0:00:11 0:00:16
In the last decade, 0:00:21 0:00:22
scientists have been able to witnesswhat once seemed impossible - 0:00:22 0:00:26
the world inside a human cell. 0:00:26 0:00:29
When I was a student, 0:00:35 0:00:37
the idea that we could burrow deepinside a living cell was unthinkable. 0:00:37 0:00:41
Recent advances have made itso scientists can see inside cells 0:00:44 0:00:48
like never before. 0:00:48 0:00:49
We can see the parts of single cellsand how they work together. 0:00:49 0:00:53
The more we learn about theuniverse, the simpler it seems. 0:00:55 0:00:58
But the cell isn't like that. 0:00:58 0:01:00
The more we find out,the more complicated things get. 0:01:00 0:01:04
But these beautiful worlds are alsoon the front line of the longest war 0:01:05 0:01:09
in history. 0:01:09 0:01:11
This is a battle that goes backinto the depths of time, 0:01:11 0:01:15
to a time when the earthwas dominated by single cellsand viruses. 0:01:15 0:01:19
Every day, our cells confront theseancient virus enemies, 0:01:19 0:01:23
tiny, ruthless machinesthat kill to reproduce. 0:01:23 0:01:27
There is this whole mechanism insidecells that are taking out viruses 0:01:27 0:01:31
that previously we justdidn't know was there. 0:01:31 0:01:34
It is a four-billion-year-oldstruggle that has changed the course 0:01:34 0:01:38
of our evolution. 0:01:38 0:01:39
This battle of these virusesagainst your cells, 0:01:40 0:01:44
this amazing, epicscience fiction movie, 0:01:44 0:01:47
it's going on inside your bodyall the time, 0:01:47 0:01:50
and you don't even know it. 0:01:50 0:01:52
Cells are the basic buildingblocks of living tissue, 0:02:16 0:02:22
and the smallest unitsof what makes us human. 0:02:22 0:02:25
And yet.. 0:02:27 0:02:29
.beneath the surfaceof every one lies a world stranger 0:02:30 0:02:36
than any in science fiction. 0:02:36 0:02:38
A world in which a billionmicroscopic machines 0:02:42 0:02:46
all play their part, working inconcert through every second 0:02:46 0:02:50
of our life. 0:02:50 0:02:52
Every one of us in made of 120trillion cells, 0:02:53 0:02:57
and every one of those cellsis different. 0:02:57 0:02:59
But they contain the sameinstructions. 0:02:59 0:03:01
Cells are a bit like babies. Whenthey're born, they all look the same 0:03:01 0:03:05
but they change very quickly. 0:03:05 0:03:06
In different countries they learnto speak different languages, 0:03:06 0:03:09
and our bodies are like that- some cells speak heart, 0:03:09 0:03:12
and some cells speak liver. 0:03:12 0:03:13
The workers of this incredibleworld are proteins, 0:03:17 0:03:21
chains of complex chemicals 0:03:21 0:03:24
that can lock together totransform into spectacular machines. 0:03:24 0:03:29
Others work to createincredible structures, 0:03:31 0:03:34
like the internal skeletonthat holds the cell together. 0:03:34 0:03:38
These great trusses are constantlyadjusting to stresses and strains, 0:03:38 0:03:43
building and rebuilding to givethe cell its shape and strength. 0:03:43 0:03:48
Then there are the motor-proteins,haulage workers that use 0:03:51 0:03:54
the cell's skeleton as highwaysto deliver food, chemicals 0:03:54 0:03:58
and the essential building materialsof life to wherever they are needed. 0:03:58 0:04:02
They are just one of the astonishingmicro machines that keep 0:04:06 0:04:10
this bustling community healthy. 0:04:10 0:04:13
Scientists are asked all the time,how do things in a cell know 0:04:13 0:04:16
how to get where they're supposedto go to do their job? 0:04:16 0:04:19
And for sure cells are very chaoticand things are bumping 0:04:19 0:04:22
into each other and mostof that's just random. 0:04:22 0:04:24
But enough things get wherethey're supposed to go 0:04:24 0:04:28
that the entire system works. 0:04:28 0:04:29
And powering all this activityare the cell's power stations. 0:04:32 0:04:36
Inside these free-floatingstructures called mitochondria, 0:04:38 0:04:42
turbines spin at over 1,000 timesper minute.. 0:04:42 0:04:45
.recharging billionsof tiny chemical batteries. 0:04:48 0:04:52
Everything we do, every heartbeat, 0:05:00 0:05:04
every movement, every thought, 0:05:04 0:05:08
is powered by the batteries chargedby these cellular power stations. 0:05:08 0:05:12
And everything in this worldworks to a master plan. 0:05:27 0:05:30
And the plan is protecteddeep in the heart of every cell. 0:05:34 0:05:37
The nucleus is the vault containingthe instruction manual for life. 0:05:39 0:05:43
DNA. 0:05:46 0:05:48
DNA is a chain of chemicals,organised into genes. 0:05:52 0:05:56
Each gene holds the instructionsto build a specific protein. 0:05:59 0:06:02
The double helix containsover 20,000 instructions 0:06:05 0:06:08
that tell our cells what to makeand when, 0:06:08 0:06:12
how to organise not just our cells,but our entire bodies. 0:06:12 0:06:17
The double helix has becomethe icon of the 21st century, 0:06:19 0:06:23
and it's pretty amazing stuff. 0:06:23 0:06:25
There's six feet of DNA in everycell of the body. 0:06:25 0:06:28
And if all of those bits were set outin a straight line, 0:06:28 0:06:32
they'd reach to the moonand back thousands of times. 0:06:32 0:06:35
But this crucial chain of chemicalswould be useless 0:06:45 0:06:48
without an army of microscopicmachines that endlessly travelits length, 0:06:48 0:06:53
repairing it and transcribing it, 0:06:53 0:06:56
turning the DNA into instructionsthat the cell can understand. 0:06:56 0:07:01
Once a gene has been copied, 0:07:08 0:07:11
the instructions are carriedoutside the nucleus. 0:07:11 0:07:14
Here, mobile factories read themand turn them into proteins. 0:07:16 0:07:23
Up to two million different kinds, 0:07:29 0:07:32
each with its own specific shapeand purpose. 0:07:32 0:07:36
And little goes to wastein the cell. 0:07:44 0:07:48
Used and faulty proteins are taggedfor recycling.. 0:07:48 0:07:51
.then chewed apart by powerfulroving shredders called proteasomes, 0:07:55 0:08:00
reducing them to tiny buildingblocks for new proteins. 0:08:00 0:08:04
But each cell is also partof a wider neighbourhood of cells, 0:08:07 0:08:11
all continually communicatingwith each other. 0:08:11 0:08:15
Fragments of shredded proteinsare constantly transportedto the surface. 0:08:15 0:08:19
Here, they are presentedfor inspection.. 0:08:22 0:08:25
.to be monitored by the guardiansof our body's immune system.. 0:08:29 0:08:32
.our white blood cells. 0:08:36 0:08:38
These roving soldiers checkthe protein fragments for signs 0:08:43 0:08:47
of damage or infection. 0:08:47 0:08:48
And for the moment,everything is in order. 0:08:57 0:09:00
Every single human cell contains 0:09:23 0:09:26
this world of breathtakingcomplexity, 0:09:26 0:09:29
organised by the nuclearmachines at its heart, 0:09:29 0:09:32
ceaselessly workingfrom instructionswritten down in our DNA. 0:09:32 0:09:37
But our cells are underconstant attack, 0:09:50 0:09:53
and this cell is about to facean ancient enemy.. 0:09:53 0:09:59
.in an encounter that startswith an event so commonplace.. 0:10:00 0:10:04
.you seldom even notice it. 0:10:07 0:10:09
Every day our bodiesare constantly bombarded 0:10:13 0:10:16
by these invisible critters, 0:10:16 0:10:18
bacteria and viruses.But we have our skin, 0:10:18 0:10:20
it's our first line of defencethat keeps them out. 0:10:20 0:10:24
But we have Achilles heels - we haveopenings to the outside world, 0:10:24 0:10:28
our mouths, our noses, we touchthings, we rub our lips, 0:10:28 0:10:31
we rub our eyes or wipe our nose.They can get in. 0:10:31 0:10:35
And once they're in, they're in. 0:10:35 0:10:37
Inhaled from a sneeze, 0:10:50 0:10:52
an alien army is being carriedinto our body. 0:10:52 0:10:54
A million invaders,hellbent on destruction. 0:10:58 0:11:01
This is one of our most commonenemies - the adenovirus. 0:11:15 0:11:21
It's a masterpiece of design, 0:11:26 0:11:30
and each one has a single aim.. 0:11:30 0:11:33
.to breach a cell's defences.. 0:11:40 0:11:42
.and reach the nucleus. 0:11:44 0:11:46
Once inside, any one of theseviruses can take controlof the cell.. 0:11:48 0:11:53
.and reproduce 10,000 times over. 0:11:56 0:11:59
The result could be anything, 0:12:01 0:12:03
from the common coldto pneumonia - even death. 0:12:03 0:12:07
But our bodies are prepared. 0:12:15 0:12:17
As the viruses approach the cell, 0:12:28 0:12:31
they are met by a cloudof resistance. 0:12:31 0:12:34
Antibodies, Y-shaped proteinsthat identify alien intruders 0:12:39 0:12:45
patrol the space between our cells, 0:12:45 0:12:49
looking for viruses. 0:12:49 0:12:51
Recognising the invader, they lockto the virus's armour plating, 0:12:54 0:12:59
shackling them together,making the viruses easy meat 0:12:59 0:13:03
for the white blood cells thatfeed on alien invaders like these. 0:13:03 0:13:07
Antibodies and white blood cellsform the front line 0:13:07 0:13:11
of our immune system. 0:13:11 0:13:12
The immune systemis certainly amazing, 0:13:12 0:13:16
and it actually evolved to seeinvading microbes 0:13:16 0:13:19
and get rid of them. But that's justone part of your body's defences. 0:13:19 0:13:22
Our DNA encodes all theseother features that help us 0:13:22 0:13:26
to fight against virusat every single step. 0:13:26 0:13:29
Despite the body's earlyimmune response.. 0:13:39 0:13:41
.hundreds of thousands of virusesmake it through to our cell. 0:13:43 0:13:47
But at the surface,they face their next obstacle.. 0:13:50 0:13:54
.the cell's membrane, or skin. 0:14:08 0:14:11
The surface of the cell isan amazingly complicated place. 0:14:13 0:14:16
There are hundreds, maybe thousandsof receptor proteins 0:14:16 0:14:20
sticking out of the cell and they allhave a unique function to play. 0:14:20 0:14:23
Some of them will be justtransporting information 0:14:23 0:14:26
from outside of the cellinto the cell. 0:14:26 0:14:28
Fl studio reg file . Other receptors can bringwhole cargoes in. 0:14:28 0:14:30
The surface of each cellis a living barrier, 0:14:34 0:14:38
teeming with security proteinsthat constantly monitor molecules 0:14:38 0:14:41
as they enter and leave. 0:14:41 0:14:43
Small molecules like water 0:14:51 0:14:53
and oxygen can simply seepthrough the membrane. 0:14:53 0:14:56
Larger molecules, like sugar, 0:15:03 0:15:06
are allowed entrythrough specialised pumps. 0:15:06 0:15:09
But the largest deliveriesrequire a special key 0:15:10 0:15:13
before they are allowedinto the cell. 0:15:13 0:15:16
These protein keys are recognisedby teams of mobile sentries 0:15:18 0:15:23
that continually roam the surface. 0:15:23 0:15:25
This sophisticated system isdesigned to keep harmful molecules 0:15:29 0:15:33
out of the cell. 0:15:33 0:15:35
But over billions of yearsof evolution, 0:15:36 0:15:38
the adenovirus has evolvedits very own key, 0:15:38 0:15:43
etched into the end of theseprojecting fibres. 0:15:43 0:15:46
Antibodies still cling tothe some of these fibres, 0:15:50 0:15:53
blocking many of the counterfeitkeys - but not all. 0:15:53 0:15:58
One by one, sentries all overthe cell's surface are fooled. 0:15:58 0:16:02
And the virus armyquietly slips inside. 0:16:10 0:16:13
In this ancient battle for the cell,it's round two to the virus. 0:16:16 0:16:21
So, how far back does it go,this cat and mouse game, 0:16:30 0:16:33
this battle between cellsand viruses? 0:16:33 0:16:36
Every indication suggestsit goes right back 0:16:36 0:16:39
to the origins of life on Earth. 0:16:39 0:16:41
Wherever life started, veryearly on there was a divergence, 0:16:42 0:16:46
two different strategiesthat life followed. 0:16:46 0:16:48
One of them was to becomemore complex, to become cells, 0:16:48 0:16:51
to become, ultimately,organisms like ourselves. 0:16:51 0:16:54
The other way was to remainsimple - to become viruses, 0:16:54 0:16:58
and to exploit those cells to theirown ends, to replicate themselves. 0:16:58 0:17:02
Beneath the surface, 0:17:10 0:17:12
the cell prepares to receivethe deadly invaders. 0:17:12 0:17:15
Fooled into thinking that the virusis an important nutrient, 0:17:16 0:17:20
special proteins slot togetherto form a spherical mould. 0:17:20 0:17:24
They pinch out a bubbleof cellular membrane, 0:17:30 0:17:33
wrapping the virus inside. 0:17:33 0:17:35
Finally, a separate proteinpinches the bubble free, 0:17:38 0:17:43
delivering the virusinto the cell's interior. 0:17:43 0:17:46
Unwittingly, the cellhas just taken a large step 0:17:50 0:17:54
towards to its own downfall. 0:17:54 0:17:55
Every single memberof this invading virus army 0:18:05 0:18:09
has the weaponry to ultimatelydestroy this cell. 0:18:09 0:18:12
Its protein shell is a multi-layeredcloak of deception, 0:18:13 0:18:17
which has still more surprisesin store. 0:18:17 0:18:20
And at its heart, it carriesa tiny string of DNA, 0:18:22 0:18:27
its ultimate weapon. 0:18:27 0:18:29
It's a masterpiece of evolutionand design. 0:18:29 0:18:32
And yet scientistsstill can't decide 0:18:32 0:18:34
if it's actually alive or dead. 0:18:34 0:18:36
At the level of large animalslike ourselves, 0:18:36 0:18:40
the difference between living thingsand non-living things 0:18:40 0:18:43
is very obvious. 0:18:43 0:18:44
Come down a level, though, to cells,and it becomes a bit more ambiguous. 0:18:44 0:18:49
For our own cells, of course,you can still tell immediately 0:18:49 0:18:52
that they are alive. Come downanother level, though, to the virus, 0:18:52 0:18:56
and it's no longer obviously alive.They don't look alive. 0:18:56 0:19:00
Yet they behave perhapsas if they are. 0:19:00 0:19:03
They behave with a sense of purpose. 0:19:03 0:19:06
A virus isn't strictly alive, 0:19:08 0:19:10
it can't make more of itselfon its own. 0:19:10 0:19:13
It only can replicate if it usesparts that it hijacks from a cell. 0:19:13 0:19:18
But the cell still has a formidablearray of defences 0:19:21 0:19:25
to keep these killing machinesat bay. 0:19:25 0:19:27
Every delivery that the cellreceives is taken 0:19:32 0:19:36
to a sorting station,called an endosome. 0:19:36 0:19:39
Endosomes process incomingsupplies and decide where 0:19:41 0:19:45
inside the cellthey will be delivered. 0:19:45 0:19:47
The first step of the processis to break them down. 0:19:50 0:19:54
The virus army is aboutto be digested. 0:19:57 0:20:00
The walls of the sortingstations are fitted 0:20:03 0:20:05
with specialised protein pumps. 0:20:05 0:20:07
The pumps draw in special atoms, 0:20:12 0:20:15
turning the inside of the endosomeinto an acid bath. 0:20:15 0:20:18
The acid breaks down largenutrients into smaller molecules 0:20:25 0:20:30
that are easier for the cellto transport and use. 0:20:30 0:20:33
And as the acid eats awayat the virus's outer shell, 0:20:36 0:20:40
it begins to break apart. 0:20:40 0:20:41
This should spell disasterfor the adenovirus. 0:20:44 0:20:47
But the acid is partof its escape plan. 0:20:50 0:20:53
The virus fibres are the firstto break away. 0:20:55 0:20:58
But their disintegrationreleases a special protein 0:21:01 0:21:04
hidden inside the virus.. 0:21:04 0:21:06
.that targets the wallof the sorting station.. 0:21:08 0:21:11
.tearing the membrane apartand setting the virus free. 0:21:14 0:21:19
But not every virus escapes. 0:21:26 0:21:28
Many still carry antibodieslocked to their surface. 0:21:30 0:21:34
Their primary job was to alertthe immune system to intruders, 0:21:34 0:21:37
but their firm grip now tiesthe shell together. 0:21:37 0:21:40
The fibres cannot break free, 0:21:42 0:21:44
and the escape protein staystrapped inside the shell. 0:21:44 0:21:48
Countless viruses are eaten awaybefore they can escape. 0:21:53 0:21:56
But enough are released. 0:22:05 0:22:07
Now there is nothingbetween these viruses 0:22:07 0:22:09
and the nucleus of the cell -their ultimate goal. 0:22:09 0:22:12
Yet although they are just fivemicrometres from their target.. 0:22:15 0:22:19
.most might as wellbe a million miles away. 0:22:21 0:22:25
For 90 of the army,the invasion will end here, 0:22:35 0:22:40
floating helplessly beneaththe surface. 0:22:40 0:22:43
Although they are surroundedby the constant bustleof cellular activity, 0:22:52 0:22:56
the inert invaders have no wayof moving themselves. 0:22:56 0:22:59
And they have no way of utilisingthe energy generated 0:23:05 0:23:08
by the cells' floatingpower stations.. 0:23:08 0:23:10
.the mitochondria. 0:23:12 0:23:14
Inside each mitochondrion, thefood we eat and the air we breathe 0:23:33 0:23:38
drives thousands of turbines thatcontinually recharge billions 0:23:38 0:23:42
of tiny batteries. 0:23:42 0:23:43
But what is evenmore extraordinary 0:23:45 0:23:47
is that scientists believethat mitochondria were oncesimple cells themselves. 0:23:47 0:23:52
Then they one was swallowedby another cell, 0:23:54 0:23:56
firing one of the greatestleaps in evolution - 0:23:56 0:24:00
complex life. 0:24:00 0:24:01
To be complex at all,you must have all this machinery, 0:24:03 0:24:07
all these proteins encoded by genes. 0:24:07 0:24:09
And to support all of that requiresa tremendous amount of energy. 0:24:09 0:24:14
All complex life sharea single common ancestor, 0:24:14 0:24:17
and that ancestor arose just oncein four billion years 0:24:17 0:24:21
of life on Earth. 0:24:21 0:24:23
For two to three billion yearsit was bacteria and nothing else, 0:24:23 0:24:26
and then this complex cell arose. 0:24:26 0:24:28
One simple cell got insideanother simple cell, 0:24:28 0:24:32
it's a very rare event in itself. 0:24:32 0:24:33
And once this happened, it transformsthe energetic possibilities of life. 0:24:33 0:24:37
Without that energy,evolution could never have produced 0:24:39 0:24:42
the astonishing diversityof life that we see around us. 0:24:42 0:24:45
Without that energy,we wouldn't see plants and animals, 0:24:45 0:24:49
we wouldn't see ourselves. The worldwould be an almost sterile desert. 0:24:49 0:24:54
Throughout each cell, hundredsof mitochondria feed energy to power 0:25:08 0:25:12
the network of protein that make usthe complex creatures that we are. 0:25:12 0:25:16
The virus has evolvedinto a model of efficiency. 0:25:23 0:25:27
But the simplicity of its designmakes it useless 0:25:27 0:25:30
without the machineryof complex life. 0:25:30 0:25:32
But just beneath the surface,large numbers of motor proteins, 0:25:35 0:25:40
molecular haulage workers, 0:25:40 0:25:42
await nutrients processedfor delivery by the endosomes. 0:25:42 0:25:46
And in this billion-yeararms race.. 0:26:01 0:26:04
.the virus has evolvedthe precise mechanism 0:26:06 0:26:09
to attach to the cell'smotor proteins. 0:26:09 0:26:12
Now it can use the energyof the mitochondria. 0:26:23 0:26:26
The virus is on its way. 0:26:31 0:26:33
It has hijacked the cell'sown transport system, 0:26:39 0:26:42
and is being carried towardsthe nucleus and its ultimate prize, 0:26:42 0:26:46
the DNA machines it needsto take control of the cell. 0:26:46 0:26:50
These microscopic motorised legsare a wonder of the natural world. 0:26:58 0:27:04
Slowed down to one-thirtiethof their normal speed, 0:27:04 0:27:07
their movement is clearly visible. 0:27:07 0:27:10
But at their actual speed,over 100 steps a second, 0:27:10 0:27:14
they would appear a blur. 0:27:14 0:27:15
But speed isn't everything. 0:27:29 0:27:32
Cells are densely packed, 0:27:32 0:27:35
and their internal highwaysare littered with obstacles. 0:27:35 0:27:38
And these motor proteinscan only move in one direction. 0:27:41 0:27:45
For this virus, it seemsto be the end of the road. 0:28:05 0:28:08
But scientists have recentlydiscovered the virus locks on 0:28:16 0:28:20
to a second motor protein. 0:28:20 0:28:22
And this one is built to movein the opposite direction. 0:28:32 0:28:36
Together, the two motor proteinscan navigate 0:28:52 0:28:55
around almost any obstacles. 0:28:55 0:28:57
And once again,the invader benefits. 0:29:01 0:29:04
The virus is on the move again. 0:29:22 0:29:25
And it leads an army of hundreds. 0:29:30 0:29:33
It's been almost an hour since theadenovirus first attacked the cell. 0:29:59 0:30:03
The nucleus is justone more hour away. 0:30:06 0:30:09
Until recently, scientists thoughtthat once the viral army 0:30:11 0:30:15
was on the march,nothing could stop it. 0:30:15 0:30:18
But then they found that the cellhas its own internal immune system. 0:30:18 0:30:23
There is this whole mechanism insidecells that are taking out viruses 0:30:25 0:30:29
that previously we justdidn't know was there. 0:30:29 0:30:31
And I remember the daywe published the paper about it, 0:30:31 0:30:34
I woke up to hear it being announcedon the national radio 0:30:34 0:30:37
and then went into a shopto pick up the newspapers 0:30:37 0:30:40
to discover it was on the front page. 0:30:40 0:30:42
Dotted along the cell'shighway system, 0:31:18 0:31:21
a special protein searchesfor anything carrying antibodies 0:31:21 0:31:25
from the surface. 0:31:25 0:31:27
The clever thing about thisprotein is it uses systems 0:31:27 0:31:30
that the cell already has in place. 0:31:30 0:31:33
Once it's stuck to the antibody, 0:31:33 0:31:35
it sends signals to a cellularmachine called the proteasome. 0:31:35 0:31:38
And the proteasome plays the roleof recycling proteins in the cell. 0:31:38 0:31:42
It gets brought along to the virusand it destroys the virus, 0:31:42 0:31:45
breaking down all its partsinto tiny fragments. 0:31:45 0:31:49
Once attached, the defence proteininitiates a chain reaction, 0:31:49 0:31:54
attracting specialisedtagging proteins. 0:31:54 0:31:56
Together, they mark the virusfor destruction. 0:31:58 0:32:01
Then it's only a matter of time.. 0:32:11 0:32:13
.before the recyclers arrive. 0:32:16 0:32:19
They rip the virus to shreds. 0:32:27 0:32:30
Somewhere inside your body,this battle is raging right now. 0:33:01 0:33:06
The discovery of TRIM21provides potentially new ways 0:33:15 0:33:18
of making therapeuticsto fight viruses, 0:33:18 0:33:21
and one way this could work is if wefind ways of encouraging the immunesystem to make more TRIM21. 0:33:21 0:33:26
So as soon as that virus entersinto the cell, the TRIM21 is ready 0:33:26 0:33:30
to recognise the antibodiesand destroy the virus. 0:33:30 0:33:33
By working together, the defenceproteins and recycling shredders 0:33:43 0:33:48
can destroy an army of virusesin just a few hours. 0:33:48 0:33:51
But it only takes a single virusto take control of an entire cell.. 0:34:11 0:34:17
.spreading infectionthroughout the body. 0:34:18 0:34:21
With no antibodies attached, 0:34:24 0:34:26
this virus has evadedthe cell's shredders. 0:34:26 0:34:29
Nothing now stands between itand its target. 0:34:39 0:34:43
The virus is now just one thousandthof a millimetre from the nucleus. 0:34:56 0:35:01
But if it is to achieve its ultimategoal, it first has to get inside. 0:35:05 0:35:10
Compared to the cell,the virus is tiny. 0:35:13 0:35:16
But really they're just differentversions of the same machine, 0:35:16 0:35:20
and its only job is to copy itself. 0:35:20 0:35:22
But the virus needs to takeadvantage of our cell mechanism 0:35:22 0:35:26
for its own selfish ends. 0:35:26 0:35:27
At the heart of every celllies the nucleus, 0:35:31 0:35:35
and it is a world all of its own. 0:35:35 0:35:37
Its surface is made of the samemolecules as the cell membrane. 0:35:43 0:35:46
But entry into this worldis governed by completelydifferent gateways. 0:35:48 0:35:52
Across the surface, 0:35:55 0:35:57
protein arms search for moleculesto draw inside nuclear pores. 0:35:57 0:36:01
Through these gateways,billions of chemical messages 0:36:06 0:36:09
and instructions pass betweenthe DNA and the cell. 0:36:09 0:36:12
But only if they are recognisedby the protein arms. 0:36:15 0:36:18
But once again, the viral shellcarries a counterfeit pass. 0:36:25 0:36:29
The arms lock on, but the virus istoo large to be ferried inside. 0:36:34 0:36:38
Thinking that they have hitan obstruction.. 0:36:44 0:36:47
.the motor proteins shuntthe virus into reverse. 0:36:49 0:36:52
Pulled in two directions.. 0:37:16 0:37:18
.the virus is ripped apart. 0:37:23 0:37:25
But what looks like a catastrophefor the virus is, in fact,its masterstroke. 0:37:33 0:37:39
Now the single strand of DNA it heldinside is carried through the pore, 0:37:58 0:38:04
and into the cell's control centre. 0:38:04 0:38:07
Inside the human cell nucleusthere are about 23,000 genes. 0:38:27 0:38:31
They code for thousands and thousandsof biochemical pathways. 0:38:31 0:38:35
The virus has just got 40, 0:38:35 0:38:38
but with those 40it can do remarkable things. 0:38:38 0:38:40
It's so tiny, just a piece of DNA, 0:38:42 0:38:45
a couple of proteins to makeits shell, and yet it can take over 0:38:45 0:38:49
and wreak havoc in a hugehuman cell. 0:38:49 0:38:53
It's brilliant. 0:38:53 0:38:54
The adenovirus has proven itselfa master of deception.. 0:39:06 0:39:09
.continually exploiting the cell'sprocesses to further its owndeadly aims. 0:39:11 0:39:16
But its greatest trickis yet to come. 0:39:17 0:39:20
The cell's DNA machines haveno way of telling the difference 0:39:27 0:39:30
between its own DNAand the DNA of the virus. 0:39:30 0:39:34
Blindly, they set aboutconverting its deadly code 0:39:37 0:39:40
into thousands of instructionsfor the cell to act upon.. 0:39:40 0:39:44
.blueprints for the cell'sown destruction. 0:39:53 0:39:56
But the machines that turnthe blueprints into proteins 0:40:26 0:40:30
lie outside the nucleus. 0:40:30 0:40:32
Out in the main body of the cell,the instructions are met 0:40:36 0:40:40
by a squadron of mobile proteinfactories, called ribosomes. 0:40:40 0:40:44
The ribosomes precisely followthe instruction 0:40:47 0:40:50
and start to constructviral proteins. 0:40:50 0:40:52
Each is carefully foldedinto a specific shape, 0:40:53 0:40:56
with a unique job to do. 0:40:56 0:40:58
These large cellular machines,ribosomes, are absolutely fundamental 0:40:58 0:41:02
to life, and very similar formsof them are found in every type 0:41:02 0:41:05
of living cell on the planet. 0:41:05 0:41:07
They read the genetic informationand they decode it, 0:41:07 0:41:10
bringing in the building blocksthat make up proteins 0:41:10 0:41:12
and sticking them together to makethese functional molecules 0:41:12 0:41:15
that are going to workinside the living cell. 0:41:15 0:41:18
Only these functional molecules 0:41:27 0:41:30
are the kit of parts neededto build an enemy army. 0:41:30 0:41:33
But the army will notbe built out here. 0:41:55 0:41:57
The raw material for the new armyis drawn back inside the nucleus.. 0:42:08 0:42:13
.ready for construction. 0:42:16 0:42:18
With its mission reachingits climax, 0:42:33 0:42:35
the virus turns its attentionto the cell's DNA, 0:42:35 0:42:38
halting any process it doesn't need. 0:42:38 0:42:41
The virus has takencomplete control. 0:42:45 0:42:48
And yet the cell still hasa small window of opportunity. 0:42:55 0:42:58
Before all normal activity stops, 0:43:01 0:43:04
it has just enough time to senda message to the outside world. 0:43:04 0:43:08
This parcel contains fragmentsof the viral army. 0:43:27 0:43:30
The parcel mergeswith the cell membrane, 0:43:36 0:43:39
and the enemy fragmentsare pushed to the surface, 0:43:39 0:43:42
flags warning of the invasionthat has taken place. 0:43:42 0:43:46
If patrolling white blood cellsspot the distress signal.. 0:43:50 0:43:53
.they will destroy the cell, alongwith the entire alien army inside. 0:43:55 0:44:00
If not, the infection willspread from cell to cell, to cell. 0:44:00 0:44:07
After just one day of occupation, 0:44:16 0:44:19
the virus has complete controlover the cell. 0:44:19 0:44:22
With routine maintenance halted,the cell has started to decay. 0:44:23 0:44:27
And all activity is now focusedon building the brand new viral army 0:44:28 0:44:34
inside the nucleus. 0:44:34 0:44:36
The new army self-assembles. 0:44:45 0:44:47
How do viruses know how toinvade our cells, how to break 0:44:51 0:44:55
and enter the nucleus itself? 0:44:55 0:44:57
We know that viruses and cellsco-evolved together over long periodsof time, but it's more than that. 0:44:57 0:45:03
We're actually surprisinglyclosely related. 0:45:03 0:45:06
It turns out that the virusesthat attack us 0:45:06 0:45:09
are actually made from bitsand pieces of our own cells. 0:45:09 0:45:12
As our cells were evolving, 0:45:12 0:45:14
as our nucleus itself was firstcoming to be, 0:45:14 0:45:17
so these viruses were cobbledtogether from bits and pieces, 0:45:17 0:45:20
and they can attack our nucleus 0:45:20 0:45:22
because they're madeof the same stuff. 0:45:22 0:45:24
Already built into its surfaceare the binding sites 0:45:26 0:45:29
for the cell's motorised legs. 0:45:29 0:45:31
Fibres snap into place, 0:45:36 0:45:38
arming each virus with the keysto enter other cells. 0:45:38 0:45:42
But these shells are harmlesswithout its instructions. 0:45:46 0:45:50
The final component is loaded -identical copies 0:46:04 0:46:08
of the virus's deadly DNA. 0:46:08 0:46:10
Carried by powerful motors, 0:46:15 0:46:18
long strands of DNA are fedinto every single virus. 0:46:18 0:46:22
All this is the resultof one single virus 0:46:41 0:46:46
getting through our cell's defences. 0:46:46 0:46:48
It's been two dayssince the virus entered the body, 0:46:55 0:46:59
and the nucleus, once the centreof cellular organisation, 0:46:59 0:47:03
now harbours an army of10,000 deadly viruses. 0:47:03 0:47:06
But before it canbegin its conquest, 0:47:20 0:47:22
it has to overcome two barriers. 0:47:22 0:47:24
The army is trapped insidethe tough nuclear membrane, 0:47:26 0:47:29
held at the centreof the cell itself. 0:47:29 0:47:32
And then there is the skinof the cell itself. 0:47:34 0:47:37
The protein factories outsidethe nucleus are instructed 0:47:40 0:47:43
to build viral saboteurs. 0:47:43 0:47:45
The first are releasedinto the decaying cell 0:47:55 0:47:57
and target its cytoskeleton. 0:47:57 0:47:59
The effects are cataclysmic. 0:48:05 0:48:07
Without support.. 0:48:11 0:48:14
the cell starts to collapse. 0:48:14 0:48:16
Now the virus turns its attentionto the nuclear membrane. 0:48:23 0:48:28
A second protein is released. 0:48:34 0:48:36
Called the Adenovirus Death Protein,it burrows into the membrane.. 0:48:40 0:48:44
.and weakens it. 0:48:46 0:48:48
The nucleus can no longer containthe bulging army. 0:49:01 0:49:05
Beyond the nucleus,the cell is a wasteland.. 0:49:30 0:49:34
.unrecognisable fromthe harmonious, buzzing community 0:49:41 0:49:46
of just 48 hours ago. 0:49:46 0:49:47
The cell is now completely helplessto stop the virus army 0:49:55 0:50:00
from flooding intosurrounding tissue.. 0:50:00 0:50:02
.attacking neighbouring cells 0:50:06 0:50:10
and spreading infectionthroughout the body. 0:50:10 0:50:13
The battle for this cell is over. 0:50:20 0:50:24
But the war has only just begun. 0:50:38 0:50:41
While the virus has been busyinside the cell, 0:50:56 0:50:59
our antibodies have adaptedand now come back in force, 0:50:59 0:51:02
carrying new receptors, tailor-madeto lock onto the escaping army. 0:51:02 0:51:07
Yet even in these numbers,they cannot stop every virus. 0:51:09 0:51:14
But they are not alone. 0:51:17 0:51:19
The cell's dying message tothe outside world was not in vain. 0:51:20 0:51:24
Giant white blood cells flockto the stricken cell 0:51:24 0:51:28
to devour the escaping hordes. 0:51:28 0:51:31
They too are learning how to tacklethis particular invader. 0:51:31 0:51:35
Once the virus has been detectedby the immune system, 0:51:35 0:51:38
there's a heightened levelof security inside your body, 0:51:38 0:51:41
and one of the results of this isthat the cells that make antibodies, 0:51:41 0:51:44
and make the right antibodyfor that virus, 0:51:44 0:51:46
will make lots of copiesof themselves, 0:51:46 0:51:48
and then they will start pumping outup to 5,000 antibodies per second 0:51:48 0:51:52
to flood your bloodstream,the spaces between your cells, 0:51:52 0:51:55
so as the viruses emergefrom dying cells, 0:51:55 0:51:57
they can get tagged by antibodies,then destroyed by white blood cells. 0:51:57 0:52:01
Taking no chances, 0:52:02 0:52:04
white blood cells engulf nearbycells that may have been infected. 0:52:04 0:52:08
Meanwhile, surrounding healthy cellsmake the ultimate sacrifice, 0:52:13 0:52:18
destroying themselves to stopthe spread of the virus. 0:52:18 0:52:22
It is only at this stagethat we become aware of the battle 0:52:25 0:52:29
taking place inside us. 0:52:29 0:52:31
Increasing blood flow bringsmore white blood cellsto the battleground, 0:52:31 0:52:35
causing our nasal tissueto become inflamed. 0:52:35 0:52:38
What we feel is a blocked nose is,in fact, the clearest sign 0:52:38 0:52:42
of a viral onslaught. 0:52:42 0:52:44
Once you've had an infection, 0:52:46 0:52:47
one cell, that makes the antibodyfor that infection, will be kept 0:52:47 0:52:51
inside your bone marrowfor the rest of your life. 0:52:51 0:52:53
So that if you ever get anotherinfection with the same virus, 0:52:53 0:52:56
the immune system already knowshow to respond, 0:52:56 0:52:58
it knows what antibody to makeand it can respond very quicklyand stop you getting sick. 0:52:58 0:53:03
Working together, the body's immunesystem finally prevents 0:53:06 0:53:10
the viral infection from spreading. 0:53:10 0:53:12
It's one more battlein an unending war. 0:53:13 0:53:16
The struggle between virusesand ourselves is evolution, 0:53:19 0:53:23
but it's co-evolution -both sides have to change. 0:53:23 0:53:27
It's a bit like an arms race -one party gets better weapons, 0:53:27 0:53:31
the other party has to match them. 0:53:31 0:53:33
Even though the individual cellsare fighting this epic battle 0:53:36 0:53:40
against viruses, remember,you have trillions of cells. 0:53:40 0:53:43
And so even if one cell losesits war, most of the time theorganism wins and we get better. 0:53:43 0:53:49
The war is over. 0:54:03 0:54:05
For now. 0:54:07 0:54:09
Although many cells have been lost, 0:54:17 0:54:20
there are many more healthy cellswaiting to replace them. 0:54:20 0:54:23
And at the heart of each one liesan identical copy of our DNA. 0:54:31 0:54:35
Inherited from our parents, 0:54:41 0:54:42
and their parentsover countless generations, 0:54:42 0:54:45
our DNA connects us to a family treethat stretches back 0:54:45 0:54:50
over three billion years,to the very first cell.. 0:54:50 0:54:53
.a cell that existed long beforehumans, long before mammals, 0:54:55 0:55:00
long before the dinosaurs. 0:55:00 0:55:01
It's a lineage that connects usto every living creatureand plant on Earth. 0:55:04 0:55:09
We are all descendedfrom a single prehistoric ancestor, 0:55:09 0:55:13
a cell containing the single strandof DNA that started it all. 0:55:13 0:55:18
But the virus is as old as we are. 0:55:22 0:55:25
It has evolved alongside us,forcing us to adapt, 0:55:25 0:55:28
to change or die in a deadly gameof cat and mouse. 0:55:28 0:55:32
This eternal arms racehas driven our evolution 0:55:37 0:55:41
and made us both stronger. 0:55:41 0:55:42
We wouldn't be what we are todaywere it not for this battle 0:55:46 0:55:50
with our ancient enemy. 0:55:50 0:55:52
The story of the cell isa story of innovation and change, 0:55:55 0:55:59
and because viruses continuouslyforce cells to change, 0:55:59 0:56:03
they actually aid their adaptationto different environments. 0:56:03 0:56:08
And for that reason they've alsohelped shape us, 0:56:08 0:56:11
they've made us who we are. 0:56:11 0:56:12
Every minute of every day, 0:56:21 0:56:23
this battle with the virus rageswithin seven billion of us. 0:56:23 0:56:27
Though we are rarely aware of it,we fight each other, 0:56:32 0:56:37
change each other, 0:56:37 0:56:39
improve each other. 0:56:39 0:56:41
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd 0:56:51 0:56:54
There is a battle playing out inside your body right now. It started billions of years ago and it is still being fought in every one of us every minute of every day. It is the story of a viral infection - the battle for the cell.
This film reveals the exquisite machinery of the human cell system from within the inner world of the cell itself - from the frenetic membrane surface that acts as a security system for everything passing in and out of the cell, the dynamic highways that transport cargo across the cell and the remarkable turbines that power the whole cellular world to the amazing nucleus housing DNA and the construction of thousands of different proteins all with unique tasks. The virus intends to commandeer this system to one selfish end: to make more viruses. And they will stop at nothing to achieve their goal.
Exploring the very latest ideas about the evolution of life on earth and the bio-chemical processes at the heart of every one of us, and revealing a world smaller than it is possible to comprehend, in a story large enough to fill the biggest imaginations. With contributions from Professor Bonnie L Bassler of Princeton University, Dr Nick Lane and Professor Steve Jones of University College London and Cambridge University's Susanna Bidgood. Download Subtitles
Snowtorrent - Just a perfect way to download Our Secret Universe The Hidden Life of the Cell and enjoy non stop downloading! Try a partner download (14 day free) which allows users to find, download, and share torrent files easily. This torrent will be downloaded from trackers: udp://open.demonii.com:1337/announce udp://open.demonii.com:1337/announce udp://tracker.istole.it:80/announce udp://tracker.openbittorrent.com:80/announce udp://tracker. Valley Coin Operated Pool Table Manual. publicbt.com:80/announce Our Secret Universe The Hidden Life of the Cell Hash: 055c787a375ba13e5453f654afcfff Our_Secret_Universe_The Hidden_Life_of_the_Cell.avi ( 820 MB). Our Secret Universe The Hidden Life Of The Cell Download Torrent
Soundtrack to the epic documentary for BBC2 exploring the hidden life of a human cell being attacked by a virus. Directed and Produced by Mike Davis. Download Free Patch Italiano Illustrator Cs4 Serial Number. Music by Graham Hadfield. Bbc Our Secret Universe The Hidden Life Of The Cell Download
Welcome to a human cell - the fundamental unit of life. This is an inner universe that is only just beginning to give up its secrets. Our Secret Universe The Hidden Life Of The Cell Download Game
Music published by BDi Music. Cashback Script Download. Genre Contains tracks by published on 2013-12-20T11:08:12Z by published on 2013-12-20T11:08:12Z by published on 2013-12-20T11:08:12Z by published on 2013-12-20T11:08:12Z by published on 2013-12-20T11:08:12Z License: all-rights-reserved.
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Our Secret Universe The Hidden Life Of The Cell Download Game Subtitles Found! We found subtitles for the program Secret Universe: The Hidden Life of the Cell . Please scroll down to get them, or go here for a preview
May 06, 2020. Secret Universe: The Hidden Life of the Cell. Home; Clips; Main content. The Cell Secret Immune System. The proteolysis cycle starts when Trim 21 fixes to an antibody and begins to attract. Directed by Michael Davis. With David Tennant, Susanna Bidgood, Steve Jones, Nick Lane. There is a battle playing out inside your body right now. It started billions of years ago and it is still being fought in every one of us every minute of every day. It is the story of a viral infection - the battle for the cell.
Documentary. Exploring the inner world of the human cellular structure via the narrative of a viral infection from within the world of a single cell. Similar Content
Oct 22, 2012. Our Secret Universe: The Hidden Life of a Cell Documentary Worksheet The Hidden Life of the Cell is a documentary made by the BBC in 2012. Computer generated animation shows the inner works of a cell under attack by a virus, while doctors and scientists explain what we understand about cell defenses.
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It takes 120 trillion cellsto make a human. 0:00:02 0:00:06
They are the fundamental unitsof life, 0:00:07 0:00:11
making up our brain, muscles,organs - every part of us. 0:00:11 0:00:16
In the last decade, 0:00:21 0:00:22
scientists have been able to witnesswhat once seemed impossible - 0:00:22 0:00:26
the world inside a human cell. 0:00:26 0:00:29
When I was a student, 0:00:35 0:00:37
the idea that we could burrow deepinside a living cell was unthinkable. 0:00:37 0:00:41
Recent advances have made itso scientists can see inside cells 0:00:44 0:00:48
like never before. 0:00:48 0:00:49
We can see the parts of single cellsand how they work together. 0:00:49 0:00:53
The more we learn about theuniverse, the simpler it seems. 0:00:55 0:00:58
But the cell isn't like that. 0:00:58 0:01:00
The more we find out,the more complicated things get. 0:01:00 0:01:04
But these beautiful worlds are alsoon the front line of the longest war 0:01:05 0:01:09
in history. 0:01:09 0:01:11
This is a battle that goes backinto the depths of time, 0:01:11 0:01:15
to a time when the earthwas dominated by single cellsand viruses. 0:01:15 0:01:19
Every day, our cells confront theseancient virus enemies, 0:01:19 0:01:23
tiny, ruthless machinesthat kill to reproduce. 0:01:23 0:01:27
There is this whole mechanism insidecells that are taking out viruses 0:01:27 0:01:31
that previously we justdidn't know was there. 0:01:31 0:01:34
It is a four-billion-year-oldstruggle that has changed the course 0:01:34 0:01:38
of our evolution. 0:01:38 0:01:39
This battle of these virusesagainst your cells, 0:01:40 0:01:44
this amazing, epicscience fiction movie, 0:01:44 0:01:47
it's going on inside your bodyall the time, 0:01:47 0:01:50
and you don't even know it. 0:01:50 0:01:52
Cells are the basic buildingblocks of living tissue, 0:02:16 0:02:22
and the smallest unitsof what makes us human. 0:02:22 0:02:25
And yet.. 0:02:27 0:02:29
.beneath the surfaceof every one lies a world stranger 0:02:30 0:02:36
than any in science fiction. 0:02:36 0:02:38
A world in which a billionmicroscopic machines 0:02:42 0:02:46
all play their part, working inconcert through every second 0:02:46 0:02:50
of our life. 0:02:50 0:02:52
Every one of us in made of 120trillion cells, 0:02:53 0:02:57
and every one of those cellsis different. 0:02:57 0:02:59
But they contain the sameinstructions. 0:02:59 0:03:01
Cells are a bit like babies. Whenthey're born, they all look the same 0:03:01 0:03:05
but they change very quickly. 0:03:05 0:03:06
In different countries they learnto speak different languages, 0:03:06 0:03:09
and our bodies are like that- some cells speak heart, 0:03:09 0:03:12
and some cells speak liver. 0:03:12 0:03:13
The workers of this incredibleworld are proteins, 0:03:17 0:03:21
chains of complex chemicals 0:03:21 0:03:24
that can lock together totransform into spectacular machines. 0:03:24 0:03:29
Others work to createincredible structures, 0:03:31 0:03:34
like the internal skeletonthat holds the cell together. 0:03:34 0:03:38
These great trusses are constantlyadjusting to stresses and strains, 0:03:38 0:03:43
building and rebuilding to givethe cell its shape and strength. 0:03:43 0:03:48
Then there are the motor-proteins,haulage workers that use 0:03:51 0:03:54
the cell's skeleton as highwaysto deliver food, chemicals 0:03:54 0:03:58
and the essential building materialsof life to wherever they are needed. 0:03:58 0:04:02
They are just one of the astonishingmicro machines that keep 0:04:06 0:04:10
this bustling community healthy. 0:04:10 0:04:13
Scientists are asked all the time,how do things in a cell know 0:04:13 0:04:16
how to get where they're supposedto go to do their job? 0:04:16 0:04:19
And for sure cells are very chaoticand things are bumping 0:04:19 0:04:22
into each other and mostof that's just random. 0:04:22 0:04:24
But enough things get wherethey're supposed to go 0:04:24 0:04:28
that the entire system works. 0:04:28 0:04:29
And powering all this activityare the cell's power stations. 0:04:32 0:04:36
Inside these free-floatingstructures called mitochondria, 0:04:38 0:04:42
turbines spin at over 1,000 timesper minute.. 0:04:42 0:04:45
.recharging billionsof tiny chemical batteries. 0:04:48 0:04:52
Everything we do, every heartbeat, 0:05:00 0:05:04
every movement, every thought, 0:05:04 0:05:08
is powered by the batteries chargedby these cellular power stations. 0:05:08 0:05:12
And everything in this worldworks to a master plan. 0:05:27 0:05:30
And the plan is protecteddeep in the heart of every cell. 0:05:34 0:05:37
The nucleus is the vault containingthe instruction manual for life. 0:05:39 0:05:43
DNA. 0:05:46 0:05:48
DNA is a chain of chemicals,organised into genes. 0:05:52 0:05:56
Each gene holds the instructionsto build a specific protein. 0:05:59 0:06:02
The double helix containsover 20,000 instructions 0:06:05 0:06:08
that tell our cells what to makeand when, 0:06:08 0:06:12
how to organise not just our cells,but our entire bodies. 0:06:12 0:06:17
The double helix has becomethe icon of the 21st century, 0:06:19 0:06:23
and it's pretty amazing stuff. 0:06:23 0:06:25
There's six feet of DNA in everycell of the body. 0:06:25 0:06:28
And if all of those bits were set outin a straight line, 0:06:28 0:06:32
they'd reach to the moonand back thousands of times. 0:06:32 0:06:35
But this crucial chain of chemicalswould be useless 0:06:45 0:06:48
without an army of microscopicmachines that endlessly travelits length, 0:06:48 0:06:53
repairing it and transcribing it, 0:06:53 0:06:56
turning the DNA into instructionsthat the cell can understand. 0:06:56 0:07:01
Once a gene has been copied, 0:07:08 0:07:11
the instructions are carriedoutside the nucleus. 0:07:11 0:07:14
Here, mobile factories read themand turn them into proteins. 0:07:16 0:07:23
Up to two million different kinds, 0:07:29 0:07:32
each with its own specific shapeand purpose. 0:07:32 0:07:36
And little goes to wastein the cell. 0:07:44 0:07:48
Used and faulty proteins are taggedfor recycling.. 0:07:48 0:07:51
.then chewed apart by powerfulroving shredders called proteasomes, 0:07:55 0:08:00
reducing them to tiny buildingblocks for new proteins. 0:08:00 0:08:04
But each cell is also partof a wider neighbourhood of cells, 0:08:07 0:08:11
all continually communicatingwith each other. 0:08:11 0:08:15
Fragments of shredded proteinsare constantly transportedto the surface. 0:08:15 0:08:19
Here, they are presentedfor inspection.. 0:08:22 0:08:25
.to be monitored by the guardiansof our body's immune system.. 0:08:29 0:08:32
.our white blood cells. 0:08:36 0:08:38
These roving soldiers checkthe protein fragments for signs 0:08:43 0:08:47
of damage or infection. 0:08:47 0:08:48
And for the moment,everything is in order. 0:08:57 0:09:00
Every single human cell contains 0:09:23 0:09:26
this world of breathtakingcomplexity, 0:09:26 0:09:29
organised by the nuclearmachines at its heart, 0:09:29 0:09:32
ceaselessly workingfrom instructionswritten down in our DNA. 0:09:32 0:09:37
But our cells are underconstant attack, 0:09:50 0:09:53
and this cell is about to facean ancient enemy.. 0:09:53 0:09:59
.in an encounter that startswith an event so commonplace.. 0:10:00 0:10:04
.you seldom even notice it. 0:10:07 0:10:09
Every day our bodiesare constantly bombarded 0:10:13 0:10:16
by these invisible critters, 0:10:16 0:10:18
bacteria and viruses.But we have our skin, 0:10:18 0:10:20
it's our first line of defencethat keeps them out. 0:10:20 0:10:24
But we have Achilles heels - we haveopenings to the outside world, 0:10:24 0:10:28
our mouths, our noses, we touchthings, we rub our lips, 0:10:28 0:10:31
we rub our eyes or wipe our nose.They can get in. 0:10:31 0:10:35
And once they're in, they're in. 0:10:35 0:10:37
Inhaled from a sneeze, 0:10:50 0:10:52
an alien army is being carriedinto our body. 0:10:52 0:10:54
A million invaders,hellbent on destruction. 0:10:58 0:11:01
This is one of our most commonenemies - the adenovirus. 0:11:15 0:11:21
It's a masterpiece of design, 0:11:26 0:11:30
and each one has a single aim.. 0:11:30 0:11:33
.to breach a cell's defences.. 0:11:40 0:11:42
.and reach the nucleus. 0:11:44 0:11:46
Once inside, any one of theseviruses can take controlof the cell.. 0:11:48 0:11:53
.and reproduce 10,000 times over. 0:11:56 0:11:59
The result could be anything, 0:12:01 0:12:03
from the common coldto pneumonia - even death. 0:12:03 0:12:07
But our bodies are prepared. 0:12:15 0:12:17
As the viruses approach the cell, 0:12:28 0:12:31
they are met by a cloudof resistance. 0:12:31 0:12:34
Antibodies, Y-shaped proteinsthat identify alien intruders 0:12:39 0:12:45
patrol the space between our cells, 0:12:45 0:12:49
looking for viruses. 0:12:49 0:12:51
Recognising the invader, they lockto the virus's armour plating, 0:12:54 0:12:59
shackling them together,making the viruses easy meat 0:12:59 0:13:03
for the white blood cells thatfeed on alien invaders like these. 0:13:03 0:13:07
Antibodies and white blood cellsform the front line 0:13:07 0:13:11
of our immune system. 0:13:11 0:13:12
The immune systemis certainly amazing, 0:13:12 0:13:16
and it actually evolved to seeinvading microbes 0:13:16 0:13:19
and get rid of them. But that's justone part of your body's defences. 0:13:19 0:13:22
Our DNA encodes all theseother features that help us 0:13:22 0:13:26
to fight against virusat every single step. 0:13:26 0:13:29
Despite the body's earlyimmune response.. 0:13:39 0:13:41
.hundreds of thousands of virusesmake it through to our cell. 0:13:43 0:13:47
But at the surface,they face their next obstacle.. 0:13:50 0:13:54
.the cell's membrane, or skin. 0:14:08 0:14:11
The surface of the cell isan amazingly complicated place. 0:14:13 0:14:16
There are hundreds, maybe thousandsof receptor proteins 0:14:16 0:14:20
sticking out of the cell and they allhave a unique function to play. 0:14:20 0:14:23
Some of them will be justtransporting information 0:14:23 0:14:26
from outside of the cellinto the cell. 0:14:26 0:14:28
Fl studio reg file . Other receptors can bringwhole cargoes in. 0:14:28 0:14:30
The surface of each cellis a living barrier, 0:14:34 0:14:38
teeming with security proteinsthat constantly monitor molecules 0:14:38 0:14:41
as they enter and leave. 0:14:41 0:14:43
Small molecules like water 0:14:51 0:14:53
and oxygen can simply seepthrough the membrane. 0:14:53 0:14:56
Larger molecules, like sugar, 0:15:03 0:15:06
are allowed entrythrough specialised pumps. 0:15:06 0:15:09
But the largest deliveriesrequire a special key 0:15:10 0:15:13
before they are allowedinto the cell. 0:15:13 0:15:16
These protein keys are recognisedby teams of mobile sentries 0:15:18 0:15:23
that continually roam the surface. 0:15:23 0:15:25
This sophisticated system isdesigned to keep harmful molecules 0:15:29 0:15:33
out of the cell. 0:15:33 0:15:35
But over billions of yearsof evolution, 0:15:36 0:15:38
the adenovirus has evolvedits very own key, 0:15:38 0:15:43
etched into the end of theseprojecting fibres. 0:15:43 0:15:46
Antibodies still cling tothe some of these fibres, 0:15:50 0:15:53
blocking many of the counterfeitkeys - but not all. 0:15:53 0:15:58
One by one, sentries all overthe cell's surface are fooled. 0:15:58 0:16:02
And the virus armyquietly slips inside. 0:16:10 0:16:13
In this ancient battle for the cell,it's round two to the virus. 0:16:16 0:16:21
So, how far back does it go,this cat and mouse game, 0:16:30 0:16:33
this battle between cellsand viruses? 0:16:33 0:16:36
Every indication suggestsit goes right back 0:16:36 0:16:39
to the origins of life on Earth. 0:16:39 0:16:41
Wherever life started, veryearly on there was a divergence, 0:16:42 0:16:46
two different strategiesthat life followed. 0:16:46 0:16:48
One of them was to becomemore complex, to become cells, 0:16:48 0:16:51
to become, ultimately,organisms like ourselves. 0:16:51 0:16:54
The other way was to remainsimple - to become viruses, 0:16:54 0:16:58
and to exploit those cells to theirown ends, to replicate themselves. 0:16:58 0:17:02
Beneath the surface, 0:17:10 0:17:12
the cell prepares to receivethe deadly invaders. 0:17:12 0:17:15
Fooled into thinking that the virusis an important nutrient, 0:17:16 0:17:20
special proteins slot togetherto form a spherical mould. 0:17:20 0:17:24
They pinch out a bubbleof cellular membrane, 0:17:30 0:17:33
wrapping the virus inside. 0:17:33 0:17:35
Finally, a separate proteinpinches the bubble free, 0:17:38 0:17:43
delivering the virusinto the cell's interior. 0:17:43 0:17:46
Unwittingly, the cellhas just taken a large step 0:17:50 0:17:54
towards to its own downfall. 0:17:54 0:17:55
Every single memberof this invading virus army 0:18:05 0:18:09
has the weaponry to ultimatelydestroy this cell. 0:18:09 0:18:12
Its protein shell is a multi-layeredcloak of deception, 0:18:13 0:18:17
which has still more surprisesin store. 0:18:17 0:18:20
And at its heart, it carriesa tiny string of DNA, 0:18:22 0:18:27
its ultimate weapon. 0:18:27 0:18:29
It's a masterpiece of evolutionand design. 0:18:29 0:18:32
And yet scientistsstill can't decide 0:18:32 0:18:34
if it's actually alive or dead. 0:18:34 0:18:36
At the level of large animalslike ourselves, 0:18:36 0:18:40
the difference between living thingsand non-living things 0:18:40 0:18:43
is very obvious. 0:18:43 0:18:44
Come down a level, though, to cells,and it becomes a bit more ambiguous. 0:18:44 0:18:49
For our own cells, of course,you can still tell immediately 0:18:49 0:18:52
that they are alive. Come downanother level, though, to the virus, 0:18:52 0:18:56
and it's no longer obviously alive.They don't look alive. 0:18:56 0:19:00
Yet they behave perhapsas if they are. 0:19:00 0:19:03
They behave with a sense of purpose. 0:19:03 0:19:06
A virus isn't strictly alive, 0:19:08 0:19:10
it can't make more of itselfon its own. 0:19:10 0:19:13
It only can replicate if it usesparts that it hijacks from a cell. 0:19:13 0:19:18
But the cell still has a formidablearray of defences 0:19:21 0:19:25
to keep these killing machinesat bay. 0:19:25 0:19:27
Every delivery that the cellreceives is taken 0:19:32 0:19:36
to a sorting station,called an endosome. 0:19:36 0:19:39
Endosomes process incomingsupplies and decide where 0:19:41 0:19:45
inside the cellthey will be delivered. 0:19:45 0:19:47
The first step of the processis to break them down. 0:19:50 0:19:54
The virus army is aboutto be digested. 0:19:57 0:20:00
The walls of the sortingstations are fitted 0:20:03 0:20:05
with specialised protein pumps. 0:20:05 0:20:07
The pumps draw in special atoms, 0:20:12 0:20:15
turning the inside of the endosomeinto an acid bath. 0:20:15 0:20:18
The acid breaks down largenutrients into smaller molecules 0:20:25 0:20:30
that are easier for the cellto transport and use. 0:20:30 0:20:33
And as the acid eats awayat the virus's outer shell, 0:20:36 0:20:40
it begins to break apart. 0:20:40 0:20:41
This should spell disasterfor the adenovirus. 0:20:44 0:20:47
But the acid is partof its escape plan. 0:20:50 0:20:53
The virus fibres are the firstto break away. 0:20:55 0:20:58
But their disintegrationreleases a special protein 0:21:01 0:21:04
hidden inside the virus.. 0:21:04 0:21:06
.that targets the wallof the sorting station.. 0:21:08 0:21:11
.tearing the membrane apartand setting the virus free. 0:21:14 0:21:19
But not every virus escapes. 0:21:26 0:21:28
Many still carry antibodieslocked to their surface. 0:21:30 0:21:34
Their primary job was to alertthe immune system to intruders, 0:21:34 0:21:37
but their firm grip now tiesthe shell together. 0:21:37 0:21:40
The fibres cannot break free, 0:21:42 0:21:44
and the escape protein staystrapped inside the shell. 0:21:44 0:21:48
Countless viruses are eaten awaybefore they can escape. 0:21:53 0:21:56
But enough are released. 0:22:05 0:22:07
Now there is nothingbetween these viruses 0:22:07 0:22:09
and the nucleus of the cell -their ultimate goal. 0:22:09 0:22:12
Yet although they are just fivemicrometres from their target.. 0:22:15 0:22:19
.most might as wellbe a million miles away. 0:22:21 0:22:25
For 90 of the army,the invasion will end here, 0:22:35 0:22:40
floating helplessly beneaththe surface. 0:22:40 0:22:43
Although they are surroundedby the constant bustleof cellular activity, 0:22:52 0:22:56
the inert invaders have no wayof moving themselves. 0:22:56 0:22:59
And they have no way of utilisingthe energy generated 0:23:05 0:23:08
by the cells' floatingpower stations.. 0:23:08 0:23:10
.the mitochondria. 0:23:12 0:23:14
Inside each mitochondrion, thefood we eat and the air we breathe 0:23:33 0:23:38
drives thousands of turbines thatcontinually recharge billions 0:23:38 0:23:42
of tiny batteries. 0:23:42 0:23:43
But what is evenmore extraordinary 0:23:45 0:23:47
is that scientists believethat mitochondria were oncesimple cells themselves. 0:23:47 0:23:52
Then they one was swallowedby another cell, 0:23:54 0:23:56
firing one of the greatestleaps in evolution - 0:23:56 0:24:00
complex life. 0:24:00 0:24:01
To be complex at all,you must have all this machinery, 0:24:03 0:24:07
all these proteins encoded by genes. 0:24:07 0:24:09
And to support all of that requiresa tremendous amount of energy. 0:24:09 0:24:14
All complex life sharea single common ancestor, 0:24:14 0:24:17
and that ancestor arose just oncein four billion years 0:24:17 0:24:21
of life on Earth. 0:24:21 0:24:23
For two to three billion yearsit was bacteria and nothing else, 0:24:23 0:24:26
and then this complex cell arose. 0:24:26 0:24:28
One simple cell got insideanother simple cell, 0:24:28 0:24:32
it's a very rare event in itself. 0:24:32 0:24:33
And once this happened, it transformsthe energetic possibilities of life. 0:24:33 0:24:37
Without that energy,evolution could never have produced 0:24:39 0:24:42
the astonishing diversityof life that we see around us. 0:24:42 0:24:45
Without that energy,we wouldn't see plants and animals, 0:24:45 0:24:49
we wouldn't see ourselves. The worldwould be an almost sterile desert. 0:24:49 0:24:54
Throughout each cell, hundredsof mitochondria feed energy to power 0:25:08 0:25:12
the network of protein that make usthe complex creatures that we are. 0:25:12 0:25:16
The virus has evolvedinto a model of efficiency. 0:25:23 0:25:27
But the simplicity of its designmakes it useless 0:25:27 0:25:30
without the machineryof complex life. 0:25:30 0:25:32
But just beneath the surface,large numbers of motor proteins, 0:25:35 0:25:40
molecular haulage workers, 0:25:40 0:25:42
await nutrients processedfor delivery by the endosomes. 0:25:42 0:25:46
And in this billion-yeararms race.. 0:26:01 0:26:04
.the virus has evolvedthe precise mechanism 0:26:06 0:26:09
to attach to the cell'smotor proteins. 0:26:09 0:26:12
Now it can use the energyof the mitochondria. 0:26:23 0:26:26
The virus is on its way. 0:26:31 0:26:33
It has hijacked the cell'sown transport system, 0:26:39 0:26:42
and is being carried towardsthe nucleus and its ultimate prize, 0:26:42 0:26:46
the DNA machines it needsto take control of the cell. 0:26:46 0:26:50
These microscopic motorised legsare a wonder of the natural world. 0:26:58 0:27:04
Slowed down to one-thirtiethof their normal speed, 0:27:04 0:27:07
their movement is clearly visible. 0:27:07 0:27:10
But at their actual speed,over 100 steps a second, 0:27:10 0:27:14
they would appear a blur. 0:27:14 0:27:15
But speed isn't everything. 0:27:29 0:27:32
Cells are densely packed, 0:27:32 0:27:35
and their internal highwaysare littered with obstacles. 0:27:35 0:27:38
And these motor proteinscan only move in one direction. 0:27:41 0:27:45
For this virus, it seemsto be the end of the road. 0:28:05 0:28:08
But scientists have recentlydiscovered the virus locks on 0:28:16 0:28:20
to a second motor protein. 0:28:20 0:28:22
And this one is built to movein the opposite direction. 0:28:32 0:28:36
Together, the two motor proteinscan navigate 0:28:52 0:28:55
around almost any obstacles. 0:28:55 0:28:57
And once again,the invader benefits. 0:29:01 0:29:04
The virus is on the move again. 0:29:22 0:29:25
And it leads an army of hundreds. 0:29:30 0:29:33
It's been almost an hour since theadenovirus first attacked the cell. 0:29:59 0:30:03
The nucleus is justone more hour away. 0:30:06 0:30:09
Until recently, scientists thoughtthat once the viral army 0:30:11 0:30:15
was on the march,nothing could stop it. 0:30:15 0:30:18
But then they found that the cellhas its own internal immune system. 0:30:18 0:30:23
There is this whole mechanism insidecells that are taking out viruses 0:30:25 0:30:29
that previously we justdidn't know was there. 0:30:29 0:30:31
And I remember the daywe published the paper about it, 0:30:31 0:30:34
I woke up to hear it being announcedon the national radio 0:30:34 0:30:37
and then went into a shopto pick up the newspapers 0:30:37 0:30:40
to discover it was on the front page. 0:30:40 0:30:42
Dotted along the cell'shighway system, 0:31:18 0:31:21
a special protein searchesfor anything carrying antibodies 0:31:21 0:31:25
from the surface. 0:31:25 0:31:27
The clever thing about thisprotein is it uses systems 0:31:27 0:31:30
that the cell already has in place. 0:31:30 0:31:33
Once it's stuck to the antibody, 0:31:33 0:31:35
it sends signals to a cellularmachine called the proteasome. 0:31:35 0:31:38
And the proteasome plays the roleof recycling proteins in the cell. 0:31:38 0:31:42
It gets brought along to the virusand it destroys the virus, 0:31:42 0:31:45
breaking down all its partsinto tiny fragments. 0:31:45 0:31:49
Once attached, the defence proteininitiates a chain reaction, 0:31:49 0:31:54
attracting specialisedtagging proteins. 0:31:54 0:31:56
Together, they mark the virusfor destruction. 0:31:58 0:32:01
Then it's only a matter of time.. 0:32:11 0:32:13
.before the recyclers arrive. 0:32:16 0:32:19
They rip the virus to shreds. 0:32:27 0:32:30
Somewhere inside your body,this battle is raging right now. 0:33:01 0:33:06
The discovery of TRIM21provides potentially new ways 0:33:15 0:33:18
of making therapeuticsto fight viruses, 0:33:18 0:33:21
and one way this could work is if wefind ways of encouraging the immunesystem to make more TRIM21. 0:33:21 0:33:26
So as soon as that virus entersinto the cell, the TRIM21 is ready 0:33:26 0:33:30
to recognise the antibodiesand destroy the virus. 0:33:30 0:33:33
By working together, the defenceproteins and recycling shredders 0:33:43 0:33:48
can destroy an army of virusesin just a few hours. 0:33:48 0:33:51
But it only takes a single virusto take control of an entire cell.. 0:34:11 0:34:17
.spreading infectionthroughout the body. 0:34:18 0:34:21
With no antibodies attached, 0:34:24 0:34:26
this virus has evadedthe cell's shredders. 0:34:26 0:34:29
Nothing now stands between itand its target. 0:34:39 0:34:43
The virus is now just one thousandthof a millimetre from the nucleus. 0:34:56 0:35:01
But if it is to achieve its ultimategoal, it first has to get inside. 0:35:05 0:35:10
Compared to the cell,the virus is tiny. 0:35:13 0:35:16
But really they're just differentversions of the same machine, 0:35:16 0:35:20
and its only job is to copy itself. 0:35:20 0:35:22
But the virus needs to takeadvantage of our cell mechanism 0:35:22 0:35:26
for its own selfish ends. 0:35:26 0:35:27
At the heart of every celllies the nucleus, 0:35:31 0:35:35
and it is a world all of its own. 0:35:35 0:35:37
Its surface is made of the samemolecules as the cell membrane. 0:35:43 0:35:46
But entry into this worldis governed by completelydifferent gateways. 0:35:48 0:35:52
Across the surface, 0:35:55 0:35:57
protein arms search for moleculesto draw inside nuclear pores. 0:35:57 0:36:01
Through these gateways,billions of chemical messages 0:36:06 0:36:09
and instructions pass betweenthe DNA and the cell. 0:36:09 0:36:12
But only if they are recognisedby the protein arms. 0:36:15 0:36:18
But once again, the viral shellcarries a counterfeit pass. 0:36:25 0:36:29
The arms lock on, but the virus istoo large to be ferried inside. 0:36:34 0:36:38
Thinking that they have hitan obstruction.. 0:36:44 0:36:47
.the motor proteins shuntthe virus into reverse. 0:36:49 0:36:52
Pulled in two directions.. 0:37:16 0:37:18
.the virus is ripped apart. 0:37:23 0:37:25
But what looks like a catastrophefor the virus is, in fact,its masterstroke. 0:37:33 0:37:39
Now the single strand of DNA it heldinside is carried through the pore, 0:37:58 0:38:04
and into the cell's control centre. 0:38:04 0:38:07
Inside the human cell nucleusthere are about 23,000 genes. 0:38:27 0:38:31
They code for thousands and thousandsof biochemical pathways. 0:38:31 0:38:35
The virus has just got 40, 0:38:35 0:38:38
but with those 40it can do remarkable things. 0:38:38 0:38:40
It's so tiny, just a piece of DNA, 0:38:42 0:38:45
a couple of proteins to makeits shell, and yet it can take over 0:38:45 0:38:49
and wreak havoc in a hugehuman cell. 0:38:49 0:38:53
It's brilliant. 0:38:53 0:38:54
The adenovirus has proven itselfa master of deception.. 0:39:06 0:39:09
.continually exploiting the cell'sprocesses to further its owndeadly aims. 0:39:11 0:39:16
But its greatest trickis yet to come. 0:39:17 0:39:20
The cell's DNA machines haveno way of telling the difference 0:39:27 0:39:30
between its own DNAand the DNA of the virus. 0:39:30 0:39:34
Blindly, they set aboutconverting its deadly code 0:39:37 0:39:40
into thousands of instructionsfor the cell to act upon.. 0:39:40 0:39:44
.blueprints for the cell'sown destruction. 0:39:53 0:39:56
But the machines that turnthe blueprints into proteins 0:40:26 0:40:30
lie outside the nucleus. 0:40:30 0:40:32
Out in the main body of the cell,the instructions are met 0:40:36 0:40:40
by a squadron of mobile proteinfactories, called ribosomes. 0:40:40 0:40:44
The ribosomes precisely followthe instruction 0:40:47 0:40:50
and start to constructviral proteins. 0:40:50 0:40:52
Each is carefully foldedinto a specific shape, 0:40:53 0:40:56
with a unique job to do. 0:40:56 0:40:58
These large cellular machines,ribosomes, are absolutely fundamental 0:40:58 0:41:02
to life, and very similar formsof them are found in every type 0:41:02 0:41:05
of living cell on the planet. 0:41:05 0:41:07
They read the genetic informationand they decode it, 0:41:07 0:41:10
bringing in the building blocksthat make up proteins 0:41:10 0:41:12
and sticking them together to makethese functional molecules 0:41:12 0:41:15
that are going to workinside the living cell. 0:41:15 0:41:18
Only these functional molecules 0:41:27 0:41:30
are the kit of parts neededto build an enemy army. 0:41:30 0:41:33
But the army will notbe built out here. 0:41:55 0:41:57
The raw material for the new armyis drawn back inside the nucleus.. 0:42:08 0:42:13
.ready for construction. 0:42:16 0:42:18
With its mission reachingits climax, 0:42:33 0:42:35
the virus turns its attentionto the cell's DNA, 0:42:35 0:42:38
halting any process it doesn't need. 0:42:38 0:42:41
The virus has takencomplete control. 0:42:45 0:42:48
And yet the cell still hasa small window of opportunity. 0:42:55 0:42:58
Before all normal activity stops, 0:43:01 0:43:04
it has just enough time to senda message to the outside world. 0:43:04 0:43:08
This parcel contains fragmentsof the viral army. 0:43:27 0:43:30
The parcel mergeswith the cell membrane, 0:43:36 0:43:39
and the enemy fragmentsare pushed to the surface, 0:43:39 0:43:42
flags warning of the invasionthat has taken place. 0:43:42 0:43:46
If patrolling white blood cellsspot the distress signal.. 0:43:50 0:43:53
.they will destroy the cell, alongwith the entire alien army inside. 0:43:55 0:44:00
If not, the infection willspread from cell to cell, to cell. 0:44:00 0:44:07
After just one day of occupation, 0:44:16 0:44:19
the virus has complete controlover the cell. 0:44:19 0:44:22
With routine maintenance halted,the cell has started to decay. 0:44:23 0:44:27
And all activity is now focusedon building the brand new viral army 0:44:28 0:44:34
inside the nucleus. 0:44:34 0:44:36
The new army self-assembles. 0:44:45 0:44:47
How do viruses know how toinvade our cells, how to break 0:44:51 0:44:55
and enter the nucleus itself? 0:44:55 0:44:57
We know that viruses and cellsco-evolved together over long periodsof time, but it's more than that. 0:44:57 0:45:03
We're actually surprisinglyclosely related. 0:45:03 0:45:06
It turns out that the virusesthat attack us 0:45:06 0:45:09
are actually made from bitsand pieces of our own cells. 0:45:09 0:45:12
As our cells were evolving, 0:45:12 0:45:14
as our nucleus itself was firstcoming to be, 0:45:14 0:45:17
so these viruses were cobbledtogether from bits and pieces, 0:45:17 0:45:20
and they can attack our nucleus 0:45:20 0:45:22
because they're madeof the same stuff. 0:45:22 0:45:24
Already built into its surfaceare the binding sites 0:45:26 0:45:29
for the cell's motorised legs. 0:45:29 0:45:31
Fibres snap into place, 0:45:36 0:45:38
arming each virus with the keysto enter other cells. 0:45:38 0:45:42
But these shells are harmlesswithout its instructions. 0:45:46 0:45:50
The final component is loaded -identical copies 0:46:04 0:46:08
of the virus's deadly DNA. 0:46:08 0:46:10
Carried by powerful motors, 0:46:15 0:46:18
long strands of DNA are fedinto every single virus. 0:46:18 0:46:22
All this is the resultof one single virus 0:46:41 0:46:46
getting through our cell's defences. 0:46:46 0:46:48
It's been two dayssince the virus entered the body, 0:46:55 0:46:59
and the nucleus, once the centreof cellular organisation, 0:46:59 0:47:03
now harbours an army of10,000 deadly viruses. 0:47:03 0:47:06
But before it canbegin its conquest, 0:47:20 0:47:22
it has to overcome two barriers. 0:47:22 0:47:24
The army is trapped insidethe tough nuclear membrane, 0:47:26 0:47:29
held at the centreof the cell itself. 0:47:29 0:47:32
And then there is the skinof the cell itself. 0:47:34 0:47:37
The protein factories outsidethe nucleus are instructed 0:47:40 0:47:43
to build viral saboteurs. 0:47:43 0:47:45
The first are releasedinto the decaying cell 0:47:55 0:47:57
and target its cytoskeleton. 0:47:57 0:47:59
The effects are cataclysmic. 0:48:05 0:48:07
Without support.. 0:48:11 0:48:14
the cell starts to collapse. 0:48:14 0:48:16
Now the virus turns its attentionto the nuclear membrane. 0:48:23 0:48:28
A second protein is released. 0:48:34 0:48:36
Called the Adenovirus Death Protein,it burrows into the membrane.. 0:48:40 0:48:44
.and weakens it. 0:48:46 0:48:48
The nucleus can no longer containthe bulging army. 0:49:01 0:49:05
Beyond the nucleus,the cell is a wasteland.. 0:49:30 0:49:34
.unrecognisable fromthe harmonious, buzzing community 0:49:41 0:49:46
of just 48 hours ago. 0:49:46 0:49:47
The cell is now completely helplessto stop the virus army 0:49:55 0:50:00
from flooding intosurrounding tissue.. 0:50:00 0:50:02
.attacking neighbouring cells 0:50:06 0:50:10
and spreading infectionthroughout the body. 0:50:10 0:50:13
The battle for this cell is over. 0:50:20 0:50:24
But the war has only just begun. 0:50:38 0:50:41
While the virus has been busyinside the cell, 0:50:56 0:50:59
our antibodies have adaptedand now come back in force, 0:50:59 0:51:02
carrying new receptors, tailor-madeto lock onto the escaping army. 0:51:02 0:51:07
Yet even in these numbers,they cannot stop every virus. 0:51:09 0:51:14
But they are not alone. 0:51:17 0:51:19
The cell's dying message tothe outside world was not in vain. 0:51:20 0:51:24
Giant white blood cells flockto the stricken cell 0:51:24 0:51:28
to devour the escaping hordes. 0:51:28 0:51:31
They too are learning how to tacklethis particular invader. 0:51:31 0:51:35
Once the virus has been detectedby the immune system, 0:51:35 0:51:38
there's a heightened levelof security inside your body, 0:51:38 0:51:41
and one of the results of this isthat the cells that make antibodies, 0:51:41 0:51:44
and make the right antibodyfor that virus, 0:51:44 0:51:46
will make lots of copiesof themselves, 0:51:46 0:51:48
and then they will start pumping outup to 5,000 antibodies per second 0:51:48 0:51:52
to flood your bloodstream,the spaces between your cells, 0:51:52 0:51:55
so as the viruses emergefrom dying cells, 0:51:55 0:51:57
they can get tagged by antibodies,then destroyed by white blood cells. 0:51:57 0:52:01
Taking no chances, 0:52:02 0:52:04
white blood cells engulf nearbycells that may have been infected. 0:52:04 0:52:08
Meanwhile, surrounding healthy cellsmake the ultimate sacrifice, 0:52:13 0:52:18
destroying themselves to stopthe spread of the virus. 0:52:18 0:52:22
It is only at this stagethat we become aware of the battle 0:52:25 0:52:29
taking place inside us. 0:52:29 0:52:31
Increasing blood flow bringsmore white blood cellsto the battleground, 0:52:31 0:52:35
causing our nasal tissueto become inflamed. 0:52:35 0:52:38
What we feel is a blocked nose is,in fact, the clearest sign 0:52:38 0:52:42
of a viral onslaught. 0:52:42 0:52:44
Once you've had an infection, 0:52:46 0:52:47
one cell, that makes the antibodyfor that infection, will be kept 0:52:47 0:52:51
inside your bone marrowfor the rest of your life. 0:52:51 0:52:53
So that if you ever get anotherinfection with the same virus, 0:52:53 0:52:56
the immune system already knowshow to respond, 0:52:56 0:52:58
it knows what antibody to makeand it can respond very quicklyand stop you getting sick. 0:52:58 0:53:03
Working together, the body's immunesystem finally prevents 0:53:06 0:53:10
the viral infection from spreading. 0:53:10 0:53:12
It's one more battlein an unending war. 0:53:13 0:53:16
The struggle between virusesand ourselves is evolution, 0:53:19 0:53:23
but it's co-evolution -both sides have to change. 0:53:23 0:53:27
It's a bit like an arms race -one party gets better weapons, 0:53:27 0:53:31
the other party has to match them. 0:53:31 0:53:33
Even though the individual cellsare fighting this epic battle 0:53:36 0:53:40
against viruses, remember,you have trillions of cells. 0:53:40 0:53:43
And so even if one cell losesits war, most of the time theorganism wins and we get better. 0:53:43 0:53:49
The war is over. 0:54:03 0:54:05
For now. 0:54:07 0:54:09
Although many cells have been lost, 0:54:17 0:54:20
there are many more healthy cellswaiting to replace them. 0:54:20 0:54:23
And at the heart of each one liesan identical copy of our DNA. 0:54:31 0:54:35
Inherited from our parents, 0:54:41 0:54:42
and their parentsover countless generations, 0:54:42 0:54:45
our DNA connects us to a family treethat stretches back 0:54:45 0:54:50
over three billion years,to the very first cell.. 0:54:50 0:54:53
.a cell that existed long beforehumans, long before mammals, 0:54:55 0:55:00
long before the dinosaurs. 0:55:00 0:55:01
It's a lineage that connects usto every living creatureand plant on Earth. 0:55:04 0:55:09
We are all descendedfrom a single prehistoric ancestor, 0:55:09 0:55:13
a cell containing the single strandof DNA that started it all. 0:55:13 0:55:18
But the virus is as old as we are. 0:55:22 0:55:25
It has evolved alongside us,forcing us to adapt, 0:55:25 0:55:28
to change or die in a deadly gameof cat and mouse. 0:55:28 0:55:32
This eternal arms racehas driven our evolution 0:55:37 0:55:41
and made us both stronger. 0:55:41 0:55:42
We wouldn't be what we are todaywere it not for this battle 0:55:46 0:55:50
with our ancient enemy. 0:55:50 0:55:52
The story of the cell isa story of innovation and change, 0:55:55 0:55:59
and because viruses continuouslyforce cells to change, 0:55:59 0:56:03
they actually aid their adaptationto different environments. 0:56:03 0:56:08
And for that reason they've alsohelped shape us, 0:56:08 0:56:11
they've made us who we are. 0:56:11 0:56:12
Every minute of every day, 0:56:21 0:56:23
this battle with the virus rageswithin seven billion of us. 0:56:23 0:56:27
Though we are rarely aware of it,we fight each other, 0:56:32 0:56:37
change each other, 0:56:37 0:56:39
improve each other. 0:56:39 0:56:41
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd 0:56:51 0:56:54
There is a battle playing out inside your body right now. It started billions of years ago and it is still being fought in every one of us every minute of every day. It is the story of a viral infection - the battle for the cell.
This film reveals the exquisite machinery of the human cell system from within the inner world of the cell itself - from the frenetic membrane surface that acts as a security system for everything passing in and out of the cell, the dynamic highways that transport cargo across the cell and the remarkable turbines that power the whole cellular world to the amazing nucleus housing DNA and the construction of thousands of different proteins all with unique tasks. The virus intends to commandeer this system to one selfish end: to make more viruses. And they will stop at nothing to achieve their goal.
Exploring the very latest ideas about the evolution of life on earth and the bio-chemical processes at the heart of every one of us, and revealing a world smaller than it is possible to comprehend, in a story large enough to fill the biggest imaginations. With contributions from Professor Bonnie L Bassler of Princeton University, Dr Nick Lane and Professor Steve Jones of University College London and Cambridge University's Susanna Bidgood. Download Subtitles
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Soundtrack to the epic documentary for BBC2 exploring the hidden life of a human cell being attacked by a virus. Directed and Produced by Mike Davis. Download Free Patch Italiano Illustrator Cs4 Serial Number. Music by Graham Hadfield. Bbc Our Secret Universe The Hidden Life Of The Cell Download
Welcome to a human cell - the fundamental unit of life. This is an inner universe that is only just beginning to give up its secrets. Our Secret Universe The Hidden Life Of The Cell Download Game
Music published by BDi Music. Cashback Script Download. Genre Contains tracks by published on 2013-12-20T11:08:12Z by published on 2013-12-20T11:08:12Z by published on 2013-12-20T11:08:12Z by published on 2013-12-20T11:08:12Z by published on 2013-12-20T11:08:12Z License: all-rights-reserved.
